Source of basic data: Election Records and Statistics Division, Commission on Elections (Comelec ERSD does not have undervoting data from 2013 and 2010.) Notes: Undervoting Rate was computed by PCIJ by taking the percentage of the Undervotes from the No. of Actual Voters. An undervote for party-list means no oval shaded in the ballot. Nine provinces and five Metro Manila cities were not included in the 2016 files provided by Comelec to PCIJ. Three provinces meanwhile were not included in the 2019 files. The data above do include votes cast overseas. Photograph: PCIJ